tao-klarjeti2

i. WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
I kursis studenti

dito yubaneiSvili

tao-klarjeTi

Tbilisi

2009

tao klarjeTi

tao-koljeTi saqarTvelos ulamazesi kuTxe warsulSi da udidesi tkivili dRevandelobisa. SeuZlebelia masze fiqri ar mogeZalos, roca ici, rom iq ZirZvel qarTul miwaze Seni eris sulieri siwmindeebis naSali, cas SeCerebuli, uimedod elodeba Tavis samwysos, qarTul gensa da qarTulad naTqvam locvas.

amitomac davinteresdi misi warsuliTa da awmyoTi, amitomac gaiqca Cemi fiqri misken.

i. javaxiSvilis cnobiT VIII s meore naxevarSi tao-klarjeTi ukacrieli yofila: `mas Jamsa sxuani monasteri ara Sen iyo maT queyanaTa Tvinier opizisa, da arca msoflioni eriskacni axlvides axlad SenebisaTvis maT queyanasaiTa, rameTu klarjeTs da taoTa Sina da SavSeTs da yovelTa maT maxlobelTa queyanaTa mciredni ipovebodes daSenebul tyeTa Sina adgil-adgil.~ am cnobis siswores adasturebs mematiane sumbat daviTis-Zis saistorio Txzuleba `cxovreba da uwyeba bagrationTa~, romelSic naTqvamia: `xevi SavSeTisa uSenebel iyo maSin, gareSe mciredTa sofelTasa~. jer sparselebs, merme baRdadel murvan yrus auoxrebiaT es mxare. amas dahrTvia satlobis (xolera, tifis) suni, ris gamoc gaukacrielebula `SavSeTi, klarjeTi da mciredRa daSTes kacni adgil-adgil~.

X saukuneSi tao-klarjeTis yofa aseTi iyo. am dros gaRvivda saqarTveloSi erovnuli mTlianobis idea da Seudga kidec am gzas. igi daiwyo tao-klarjeTidan aqauri kurapalatebis TaosnobiT `saqarTveloSi ukve fexi moudgams kulturul-erovnul erTobis ideas, umTavresad erovnuli eklesiis wiaRSi~, rac kargad aris gamoxatuli g. merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~: `qarTulad friadi qveyanai aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis, xolo kvrieleisoni berZnulad iTqumis~, magram bevri gareSe Tu Sinagani Zalebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos gaerTianebis did saqmes. arabeTis amira ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos urevda xels, garda amisa feodalebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen samefo xelisufalTa mier qveynis gaerTianebas, sarwmunoa, rom aSot kurapalati samefo xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeebma mokles, is `daZabuli brZolis msxverpli gaxda, brZolisa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda feodalizms.~

tao-klarjeTis renesansi da tragedia

istoriuli mxare klarjeTi samreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda. igi moicavda mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzs arsianis qedidan Sav zRvamde.

istoriuli cnobebis mixedviT klarjeTis centria Tuxarisi. am dros klarjeTs ganagebda qarTlis mefis erisTavi, romlis rezidenciac V saukunis II naxevarSi artanujis cixe unda yofiliyo, mefe vaxtang gorgasalma aq wamoiwyo eklesia-monastrebis mSenebloba. daaarsa saepiskoposo. VIII saukuneSi aq dasaxlda bagrationTa dinastia. tao-klarjeTidan daiwyo da Semdgom gaerTianda mTeli saqarTvelo bagrationTa dinastiis meTaurobiT. arabebis Semosevenma feri ucvala am mxares, murvan yrus laSqrobam (730 Tu 731) Zirianad mospo yvelaferi. am mdgomareobaSi iyo qveyana rodesac tao-klarjeTSi movida arabTagan devnili qarTlis erisTavi aSot didi da dasaxlda artanujSi. aSoti iyo pirveli bagrationi mefe. am periodSi wminda grigol xanZTels dawyebuli hqonda tao-klarjeTSi samonastro klmpleqsebis mSenebloba. ramac aSotis damkvidrebis Semdeg ufro farTo xasiaTi miiRo, maSin ganaxlda artanujis cixe, romelic amis Semdeg qarTvelTa samefos dedaqalaqad iqca.

aSot I-is zeobaSi arabebTan brZola ar dasrulebula, igi aranakleb simwvaviT grZeldeboda Semdegac, magram aSotis dros ganaxlebuli `qarTvelTa samefo~ uZRoda win am brZolas da bolomde SeinarCuna damoukidebloba, im dromde vidre rodesac qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifoebi ar gaerTiandnen erT feodalur monarqad. artanujs mas Semdegac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, rac aSotis saxli orad klarjeTisa da taos samefoebad gaiyo. IX saukuneSi is rCeba `qarTvelTa samefos~ dedaqalaqad.

taZari IX saukunis I naxevriT TariRdeboda. IX saukunis II naxevarSi imave Woroxis xeobaSi amier taos provinciaSi daarsda meore saxelmwifoebrivi centri `qarTvelTa samefosi~ _ bana. aSot I didi mSenebloba Caatara opizaSi. klarjeTis mxaris am uZvelessa da umniSvnelovanes savaneSi man meored aaSena mTavari taZari da mTeli wyeba samonastro nagebobaTa. tao-klarjeTSi arsebuli eklesia monastrebi warmoadgenda ganaTlebis keras. yovel monasterSi iyo skola, seminaria, biblioTeka, sadac aswavlidnen wera-kiTxvas, saRvTo rjuls, filosofias, kaligrafias, mxatvrobas, oqromWedlobasa da sxvas. uZvelesi xelnawerebi tao-klarjeTma Semogvinaxa, romelic dRes ar aris saqarTveloSi, isini inaxeba sinas mTaze, palestinaSi, aTonze.

bana

IX saukunis meore naxevridan bana qarTvelTa samefos sataxto qalaqad iqca. banas arqiteqturis Sesaxeb pirveli Canawerebi, germanel botanikos, karl xonss ekuTvnis, romelmac bana 1843 wels jer kidev daungreveli ixi­la. 1877-1878 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, eklesiis garSemo rusis `otriadi~ idga. banas kaTedrali warmoadgens gumbaTian rotondams, masSi Cawerili teqraqonqiT, romelic uwyveti garSemosavliTaa garSemortymuli, misi centraluri nawili SuaSi jvris formisaa, Tanatoli mklavebi daboloebulia svetebze gadayvanili TaRebiT, romlebic afsidebis kedlebs ikaveben, aRmosavleT eqstra sxva danarCenebisagan gansxvavdeba, aq 6 erTnairi sveti 2 metri simaRlis kedelzea aRmarTuli. aRmosavleTi afsidis koloniebs ionuri kapitalebi aqvs, romlebic odnav gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, jvris mklavis Sua sivrce Suvsebelia da samsarTuliani oTaxebiT, romlebic erTmaneTis Tavze lagdebian da erTimeores kibis viwro ujredebiT ukavSirdebian.

iSxani

iSxnis saepiskoposo centri istoriul taoSi mdebareobs, mdinare olTisis wylis napirze, arTvinis viliaeTSi, garkveuli periodis manZilze eklesiis Senobis nawilSi meCeTi iyo ganTavsebuli. eklesiis mSenebloba iSxanSi somexTa kaTalikosis nesres saxels ukavSirdeba, igi gardaicvala 661 wels, xolo misi eklesia iSxani maleve dangreula murvan yrus laSqrobebis Sedegad.

giorgi merCulis Tanaxmad IX saukunis dasawyisSi wm. grigol xanZTels Znelad upovia `daqvrivebuli~ taZari. misi xelmeored Seneba ukavSirdeba wm. grigol xanZTelis mowafes saba iSxnelis saxels. iSxnis mTavari taZari warmoadgens jvar-gumbaTovan nagebobas, aRmosavleTiT gaxsnili afsidebiTa da 3 sworkuTxa mklaviT, romelTagan dasavleTis dagrZelebulia da samxreT da CrdiloeT kedlebze ganTavsebuli safexurebiani piastrebis saSualebiTaa dayofili gumbaTi, romelic aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs eyrdnoba 4 Tavisuflad mdgom burjs. es burji Semkulia masiuri ornamentebuli bazisebiT. gumbaTi, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas jer kidev uvneblad dgas agvirgvinebs metad dazaralebul taZars.

iSxnis kaTedruli taZari jer kidev inaxavs moxatulobis fragmentebs, gumbaTis sferoSi jvris amaRlebis scenaa gamosaxuli, wreSi Caweril jvars 4 mfrinavi angelozi amaRlebs, xolo Tavad jvari isea moxatuli, rom Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkulis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

xaxuli

xaxulis mona­steri mdebareobs istoriul taoSi mdebare xaxulis­wylis marcxena napirze, xaxulis eklesiis istoria gan­sxvavebulia yve­la tao-klarjeTis taZrebisagan. xaxu­lis eklesiis mSe­neb­lobis Se­saxeb­ cno­bebs gvawvdis `matiane qarTlisai~.

xaxulis taZris arqiteqtura originaluri gegmisaa, romelsac analogi ar moepoveba, es jvar-gumbaTovani nageboba 3 sworkuTxa da aRmosavleTiT Rrma afsidiT dasavleTis mklavi grZelia da samnawiliani. xaxulis interieri gamoirCeva araCveulebrivad gluvad damuSavebuli kedlis zedapiriT, Zegli Tavdapirvelad mosaxatad ar iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca igi XI saukuneSi freskebiT Seamkes. kargad gaTvlili qvis kvadratebiT aris nagebi gare kedlebic, fasadebi Semkulia dekoratiuli motivebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad sarkmelebsa da karis Riobebis garSemoa Tavmoyrili, aRmosavleTi fasadi sadaa, didi sarkmeli Semkulia didi TavsarTiT da mis qveS aseve tao-klarjeTisaTvis tradiciuli motivia _ muqi da Ria qvebis sxiviseburi ganlagebiT Sedgenili marao, samxreT fasadi tradiciulad yvelaze metad iyo Semkuli, aq aris sayovelTaod cnobili xaxulis arwivic. arwivi aRimarTeba 2 TaRis Sesayrelze, romlebsac brWyalebSi kurdReli hyavs momwyvdeuli. arwivi qristianul simbolikaSi Zlierebisa da Zalauflebis gansaxierebaa da imavdroulad amaRlebisa da aRdgomis ideas ganasaxierebs; xolo kurdReli gamorCeul morwmunesa da qristians.

gumbaTi, romelic pirvandeli saxiTaa SemorCenili 16 waxnagaa, amdenive TaRiT Semkuli, romelTagan 8 yrua, xolo TiTos gamotovebiT sarkmelebia gaWrili, RaRnari eyrdnobs. samxreTiT midgmuli galerea XI saukuneSi unda mieSenebinaT, xaxulis teritoriaze ramdenime darbazeuli eklesiaa, maTgan yvelaze didi da mTavari mTavari taZris CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs, xolo yvelaze ukeT SemorCenilia _ taZris samxreTiT mdebare brwyinvaled nagebi darbazeuli kapela. dasavleTi karis timpanis qvaze ayvavebuli jvris gamosaxulebaa.

oSki

oSki-tao-klarjeTisa da sruliad saqarTvelos erT-erTi mSvenebaa. igi mdebareobs axlandel sofel oSkvanSi. oSkis monasteri sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nagebobebisagan Sedgeba, aqaa samlocveloebi, satrapezo, seminaria, episkoposis rezidencia da sxva. monastris dominants ki koSkis ioane naTlismcemlis saxelze agebuli didi taZari warmoadgens.

oSkis taZris zomebia sigrZe eqsterierSi-43m, interierSi-40,5m, sigane eqterierSi-30m, interierSi-27m. dasavleT klavis sigrZe eqsterierSi-16,5l, sigane 9,70m. gumbaTis qveS simaRle 34m, oSkis jvar-gumbaTovani taZari, triqonqis tipis rTuli aRnagobis Senobaa. eqstrierSi jvris aRmosavleTi, samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebi naxevarwriuli afsidebiTaa dagvirgvinebuli, xolo gumbaTi 4 Tavisuflad mdgom masiur burjs eyrdnoba, yoveli mxari gegmaSi sam nawiliania, dasavleT mxare sworkuTxa grZel navs warmoadgens, romelic Tavis mxriv xuT sxvadasxva sigrZis ubes Seadgens.

oSkis taZarSi vedrebis Tema mravalgzis meordeba. samxreT fasadis aRmosavleT nawilSi warmodgenilia vedrebis vrceli redaqcia da masSi taZris qtitorebi, bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi d daviT kurapalatic monawileobdnen. es kompozicia unikaluria xuTi figura calkeul qvis filebzea gamoqandakebuli. ganZismaZiebelTa mcdelobiT fila RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiT Camovardnilia da kedelTan asvenia, centrSi gamosaxulia macxovari misgan marjvniv-vedrebis pozebSi RvTismSobeli, marcxniv ioane naTlismcemeli; kideebSi centrisaken mimarTuli qtitormefeTa figurebi Zmebi daviT magistrosi momavali (kurapalati) da bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi samefo samossa da taZris modeliT xelSi.

oSkSi gadaweril iqna oTxi xelnaweri: `oSkis `biblia~, mefeTa wignebis CaTvliT, oskis `samoTxe~, oSkis `ioane oqropiris cxovreba~ da `ganZi~. am oTxi didebuli nawerebis mniSvneloba marTlac ganuzomelia, ioane-Tornikes piriT daviT mwignobris xeliT dawerili `samoTxis anderZi~.

sagangaSoa dRes oSkis mdgomareoba-sakurTxevlisa da dasavleTisaTvis gadaxurva TiTqmis mTlianadaa Camongreuli, Camongreulia, gumbaTis erTerTi damWeri konstruqciis Crdilo-dasavleT afrac. es did safrTxes uqmnis Tavad gumbaTs, romelsac, amave dros didi bzari gasCenia.

oTxTa eklesia

oTxTa eklesiis monasteri mdebareobs arTvinis viliaeTSi. monasteri agebulia specialurad Seqmnil baqanze, romelsac gegmaSi samkuTxa forma aqvs. mcire zomis teritoriaze erTmaneTis mijriT ramdenime nageboba dgas, romelTagan mTavari samnaviani bazilikaa. dasavleTiT mis Stos pirdapir ebjineba satrapezo, xolo mis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda seminariis didi Senoba, taZris dasavleTiT SemaRlebulze, SemorCenilia berebis sacxovreblis nangrevebi.

oTxTa eklesia agebuli iyo IX saukuneSi, xolo garedan Tlili qviT mopirkeTda X saukunis II naxevarSi, oTxTa eklesiis arqiteqturis erTgvar prototips warmoadgens parxalis didi samnaviani bazilika, parxali imave samSeneblo periods miekuTvneba da misi mSenebloba 961-973 wlebSi mimdinareobda, waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs oTxTisken mimaval gzaze mis `guSagad~ mdgari kavkasiZeebis cixe da oTxTa wylis gadaRma SemorCenili patara darbazeuli eklesia.

tbeTi

tbeTis kaTedrali tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis erTerTi mSvenebaa, igi mdebareobs istoriul SavSeTSi. tbeTis kaTedrali sakmaod kargad iyo Semonaxuli, igi 1961 wlis afeTqebis Sedegad eklesiis gumbaTi da dasavleT nawili daikarga. `matiane qarTlisai~ gvamcnobs, rom aSot kuxi mSenebeli kaTralisa gardaicvala 918 wels.

xanZTa

giorgi merCules mixedviT 782 wels wminda grigol xanZTeli pirvelad dasaxlda opizaSi da iq dahyo 2 weli. vidre miagnebda sasurvel adgils axali monastris asaSeneblad, RvTis karnaxiT igi Cavida xanZTaSi, sadac daxvda beri xuediosi, wminda grigols Zalian moswonebia adgili da pirvelad xis eklesia auSenebia, romelic mogvianebiT, ukve IX saukunis dasawyisSi wminda grigol xanZTeli aSenebs qvis eklesias gabriel dafanCulis materialuri daxmarebiT. xanZTis didi taZari agebulia X saukunis I naxevarSi erisTavT-erisTavis aSot kuxis da gurgen didi erisTavT-erisTavis dros xuroTmioZRvar amonas mier.

xanZTis adgilmdebareobis sworad gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, kerZod 1. merCulis mixedviT xanZTa mdebareobda opizasa da minZaZurs Sua. 2. Satberdi mdebareobda ara opizasa da minZaZurs Sua, aramed artanujsa da dolisyana-berTas Soris. xanZTis taZari agebulia wminmda giorgis saxelze. monastris teritoriaze SemorCenilia patara saydari wyarosTavze, darbazuli tipis meore eklesia, da satrapezos nangrevebi.

xanZTis eklesia warmoadgens Caxazuli jvris tipis eklesias, aRmosavleTiT sakurTxevliTa da ori damatebiTi saTavsoTi. gumbaTi or Tavisuflad mdgom burjs da afsidis or Sverils eyrdnoba, gumbaTis yeli rvawaxnagaa oTxasrkmliani, eqsterierSi mis yvela waxnags TaRebi amkobs, xolo gadaxurva qolgiseburia. oqrosmaZiebelTa xeli am taZarsac miswvda, dResdReobiT taZari mZime mdgomareobaSia, gumbaTis damWer erT burjs ki Ziri mTlianad gamoclili aqvs, meore ki bewvze hkidia. xanZTis monasteri qarTuli ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli iyo VIII-X saukuneebSi.

opiza

opiza uZvelesi savanea, ara marto tao-klarjeTSi, aramed saerTod saqarTveloSi. opizaSi inaxeboda erT-erTi mniSvnelovani siwminde, qveda yba wminda ioane naTlismcelisaa. monastris daarseba ukavSirdeba vaxtang gorgaslis saxels. opizas didi roli eniWeboda ganaTlebis, mwignobrobis da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.

XX saukunis Sua xanebSi, gzis gayvanisas mSeneblebs miuRiaT sabediswero gadawyvetileba: gzis taZarze gatareba da opizis afeTqeba. opizis taZari dResac ase gamoiyureba Su­aSi gzaa, mis aqeT iqiT ki ekle­siis ked­lebis nang­revebia. samo­na­s­tro kom­pl­eq­si Sedge­boda wmin­da ioane naTlismcemlis sa­xelze age­buli ekle­si­is­agan, sam­rek­los, sat­ra­pezosa da sxva samonastro negebobebisagan. taZari jvargumbaTovan eklesias warmoadgens. gumbaTqveSa kvadratidan gumbaTisyelis simrgvaleze gadasvla afratonmebis saSualebiT xdeboda, gumbaTi moxatuli yofila. mrgvali gumbaTis yeli garedan 12 TaRiT iyo gaformebuli, maTSi TiTos gamoklebiT gaWrili sakmaod ganieri sarkmliT. gumbaTis konusuri gadaxurva qolgiseburia da 12 nawilisagan Sedgeba. eklesia agebulia IX saukuneSi da ganaxlebuli 945-954 wlebSi aSot IV kurapalatis mefobis wlebSi.

Satberdi

Satberdi wminda grigol xanZTelis mier IX saukunis II meoTxedSia daarsebuli, qtitori ki mefe kurapalati bagrat I iyo. Satberdi mdinare artanujis xeobaSi mdebareobs. igi jvargumbaTovani nageboba, jvruli tao afsidiTa da pastoforiumebiT. Satberdis arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia TaRebis arseboba fasadebsa da gumbaTis yelze. Zegli reliefurad Semkobili ar yofila. saxuravis qveS karnizebsa da samxreT fasadze Sewyvilebuli sarkmlis sapires wnuli ornamentebi mouyveba. dazianebulia eklesiis konqi da samxreT klavis kamara, nawilobriv gaZarcvulia misi safasado wyobac.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. i. giviaSvili, i. koplataZe. `tao klarjeTi~.

2. Salva amiranaSvili. `qarTuli xelovnebis istoria~